学位级别：硕士
提交日期：2003年5月
答辩日期：2003年5月
论文中文题目：权利文化浅析
论文英文题目：A Simple analysis of right culture
作    者：张梦阳
所在单位：吉林大学法学院
指导教师：姚建宗
所在单位：吉林大学法学院
分类标识：DF08
中文主题标识：权利文化  
英文主题标识：Right culture
总页数：45页

论文摘要：

      在社会科学研究领域，无论是权利还是文化，都是包含有丰富内容的宏大命题，都有许许多多不同的观察角度、立场供不同的研究者选择。作为一种学术尝试，本文从“文化”的角度入手进行权利的逻辑论证与分析，以期能为权利文化的研究提供一些有益的启示。
      首先，文章回顾了历史上较具代表性的几种文化界说，在对各家学说逐一进行评述后，文章指出，所谓文化，大体上是指包括一系列观念、意识、行为并具有特定结构的精神现象与知识体系的综合体，借此，人得以区别于生物意义上的动物。同时，文化所包含的诸项要素，即意识、知识、行为之间并不是一个各自孤立的形态存在，而是一个彼此相互作用的结构体系，一个彼此共存共生的有机性文化链条。
接着，通过对几种代表性权利定义的分析与梳理，文章认为，尽管人们关于权利的具体定义并不完全相同，但诸权利定义在下述方面则是大体一致或共通的：权利的核心特质或特性在于其具有明确的伦理指向性和确定的规范指向性。意志自由说、选择说和行为能力说分别从不同角度强调了权利范畴的伦理关怀，利益说、资格说、主张说、规范说分别从不同角度突出了权利范畴的法理性规范取向。他们在价值本质上是共通的，都包含了人权、正义、民主、法治的思想，而且，他们在功能上也是互补的，都致力于人类社会的规范、有序与和谐。权利，是以某种有效的权力存在为其压力保证，以某种相对普遍的观念认可为其法理来源，通过资格认定——义务分配——责任承担的规范机制，实现诸共同体成员有序、适度的双赢竞争和利益的均衡分配的一系列价值、规范、行动、观念的总和。其中，法律权利为其显型形态，道德权利为其隐型形态。与其他权利定义相比，该定义相对全面的兼顾到了权利范畴中的诸核心要素：权力的现实威慑，伦理的观念认可，权利的预设目的，权利的多维指向（价值、规范、行动、观念）。
      随后，文章对权利证成的三大理论，即自然权利理论、社会正义理论、功利主义理论逐一进行了评述，在指出其各自偏失的基础上，认为无论是抽象的自然权利、模糊的社会正义，还是现实的功利计算，都不足以为权利证成提供无论十足合理的根据。基于“文化”视角下的权利界定，文章认为，对权利本质的认识从属于对“人”的本质的认识。既然“人”的本质要通过“共同体”从文化学上得到解释，那么对从属于“人”的“权利”范畴的解读自然也应当从共同体出发，沿着人类文化的发展脉络进行阐释。文章认为，作为一种特定的“文化现象”，权利本质上是在所有人类共同体成员生存互动过程中产生的，来源于一个从“无”到“有”的人际关系化生过程。它的精神功能在于安顿人心，它的物理功能在于维持生存秩序。在根本上，权利是世俗的，是人类“共同生活事实”的一种“文化衍生”。作为对以往权利证成理论的一种尝试性修正，文章认为从共同体观念出发进行权利的现实考察和逻辑证成将有助于克服自然权利理论、社会正义理论、功利主义理论、个人主义理论及对抗主义理论的局限性或不足，为权利理论提供一个更具说服力的解释，进而使我们更深刻地理解权利范畴的价值伦理指向性与行为规范指向性。同时，文章还认为权利既是相关各方就彼此利益所达成的一种相互谅解，也是建立在彼此持续性共同体成员身份基础上的一种相互期待。因此，权利理论所面对的真实问题是共同体内的竞争与纠纷，所谋求的则是共同体内诸成员的和谐、有序与共存。从共同体出发，权利将不再依靠神与上帝为其提供存在的合法性和合理性。权利不再是先验的“神话”，也不再是不证自明的“常识”，而是全体人类基于对保全共同体、保持和谐生活秩序的追求而在意识中对自我适应经验的理性总结与文化创造。我们可以认为，所谓的权利所表征的乃是共同体成员间和谐、有序的利益适应与利益实现关系。易言之，权利是人们在学习如何成功实现共同生活的过程中，整合理性与经验，对某种意向性理想生活状态的规范重述和技术实践。权利理论的使命，不单纯是意在证明某种利益占有、分配状态的合理性，更是意在实现该种利益占有、分配的社会可行性。
      接着，文章又分别从人权观念、正义原则、民主思想、法治意识诸方面对作为“文化”的权利的“文化指向”作了说明。此外，文章对权利文化的要素与结构亦有所论及。
      最后，文章从权利文化生成与权利文化发展两个角度就权利文化的变迁进行了概括性说明。

英文摘要：

In the field of the study of social science, either right or culture contains broad propositions with abundant contents and has various observation angles or positions for different researchers to choose. As an academic attempt, this thesis demonstrates logically and analyzes right from the angle of “culture” so as to obtain some useful revelation for the study of right culture.
Firstly, it retraces some doctrines on cultures that are representative in history and reviews them one by one. In this thesis, what is called culture roughly means the combination of series of concepts, consciousness, behaviors, mental phenomena and knowledge systems with particular structures, by which human being differentiates from animals on the sense of biology. Meanwhile, the essential factors contained in culture such as consciousness, knowledge and behavior exist as a state isolated respectively, but as a structural system interacting each other, and a cultural chain coexisting organically.
Secondly, through analyzing and hackling several representative definitions of right, the thesis holds that the core of right lies in its definite nature of ethic instruction and regulative instruction. The article thinks, though people are self-same about concrete definition of right, all rights to be unanimous on the whole applicable to all in following respect: key specialty or characteristic of right lie in right have clear ethics, and have definite standard pointing to too. Will theory, choose theory and capacity theory emphasize from different angle right ethics of right for respectively freely, interests theory, qualification theory, maintain theory, standardize theory stress from different angle right law reason of category standardize the orientation separately. They are applicable to all in essence in value, include human rights, justice, democracy, thought governed by law, and they complementary too as for the function, devoted to human society normally, orderly and harmoniously. Right is the summation of series of values, regulations, actions and consciousness, by which with some certain existing valid power as its pressure guarantee and some certain relative common ideal acceptance as its jurisprudential source, every member of community can realize the orderly and moderate win-win competition and balanced allocation of their interests through the affirmation of qualification and distribution of obligations. Among those, legal rights are their apparent state and moral rights are hidden state. Comparing with other rights, this definition relatively gives comprehensive consideration to every essential elements in right category: the realistic authority of power, the recognition of ethical awareness, the systems of right realization, the anticipatory aims of right, various instructions of right (value, regulation, action and awareness).
Afterwards, this thesis reviews the following three theories for substantiation of right: the doctrine of natural right, the doctrine of social justice and the doctrine of utilitarianism. On the basis of pointing out their respective biases, the author suggests to revise the doctrine of substantiation of right from “community” and also holds that right is not only mutual understanding of every relative party on their interests and also mutual anticipation established on the basis of a continuous membership of a community. On the basis of pointing out of respective deficiency, think that neither an abstract natural right, fuzzy social justice, nor Realistic utility calculate, enough to become and offer for the theory of right justification sheer rational foundation. On the basis of right definition of visual angle " culture", article thinks, subordinated to the essential understanding of " people" to right essential understanding. Since essence of" people" needs to be explained through " community" from science of culture, then the Understanding of right subordinated to" people” should also proceed from community naturally, explain along the train of thought of development of human culture. Article think as one specific" culture phenomenon", right to survive in interaction course is produced in all human community member in essence, comes from the evolution course of the interpersonal relationships from “nothing” to “having”. Spiritual function of it lies in and settles down heart, physics function of it lies in order of surviving. The right is no longer" mythology" of the priori, is no longer" general knowledge" not with self- evident card either, but all mankind on the basis of right to save community from damage, keep harmonious life pursuit of order take notice of in knowing to meet reason of experience summarize and set with culture oneself. Therefore, the actual problems to which the theory of right faces up are competitions and conflicts in community. And what it strives for is harmony, orderliness and coexistence of members in the community.
After that, the thesis explains cultural instruction as “cultural” right respectively from the following aspects: the awareness of human rights, the principle of just, democratic thoughts and the consciousness of ruling by law. Moreover, the essential elements and structure of right culture are also mentioned in this thesis.
Finally, the evolution of right culture is explained generally from the two
angles of the formation and development of right culture.