题　名  抵押权效力及实务研究  
作　者  白金城  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  经济法学  
指导教师  石少侠  
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3990370  
中文文摘  不良债权是当前困扰我国经济发展的重要因素之一,解决不良债权的根本出路在于担保。抵押担保由于能够同时满足现代经济社会对债权担保和担保物经济效用发挥的双重需要,因而,已成为许多国家运用最为广泛的一种物的担保形式。然而,在我国,目前对抵押制度尤其是抵押效力问题的研究还有许多不足,现行立法也存在一些问题,因此,本文选择了把抵押权效力问题作为研究对象。本文除前言外,共分四部分。
前言部分阐述了抵押权制度作为最基本的民事法律制度显得非常重要,而效力之研究乃重点之重,换言之,效力研究成其为抵押研究的必要特点。
第一部分是抵押法律关系。该部分比较详细地论述了抵押设定人、抵押标的物、抵押设定与登记、抵押效力四个问题。在抵押设定人部分,从实务角度解释了抵押人和抵押权人应具备的条件。抵押人首先是完全行为能力人,能够对自己的行为负法律上的责任。如果抵押人虽无行为能力,但若能获得法定代理人或监护人的同意,抵押仍然有效成立。其次,抵押人还必须对抵押物享有所有权或处分权,对抵押权人来说,无行为能力的自然人可以作为抵押权人,但对非自然人来说,却要求具备完全的行为能力和责任能力。在抵押标的物部分,首先论述了抵押标的物的特点和条件,在我国《担保法》中规定动产、不动产和权利都可以作为抵押标的物。文章认为正在建造中的房屋、房屋的一部分或几部分,土地使用权的一部分都可以设定抵押,而对学校、幼儿园、医院等以公益为目的的事业单位、社会团管的教育设施、医疗卫生设施和其他社会公益设施也应可以设定抵押,但脸采取财团抵押的方式,以保证公益利益的实现。对抵押设定与登记问题,重点论述了登记与抵押权设定之间的关系。本文认为应采取登记要件主义,在抵押权效力方面,从对抵押人和对抵押权人的两个角度论述。对抵押人来说,主要有占有、使用、收益和部分处分权。对抵押权人来说,主要涉及抵押权的保全,抵押权的处分和抵押权的实行三部分。
第二部分首先简要阐述用益物权的概念、本质特征,然后结合司法实践谈抵押权与土地使用权、抵押权与承包经营权、抵押权与租赁权并存时如何认定二者效力及确定二者顺位,同时进一步探讨与之相关的法律问题,以供司法实践和立法之参考。
一、 抵押权与土地使用权并存在司法实践中是屡见不鲜的,根据《担保法》之规定,抵押人可以将自己依法有权处分的国有土地使用权进行抵押,经登记机关核准登记,债权人即可依之对抗第三人优先受偿。当抵押物被征用后有权对抵押物被征用而能够取得的补偿金享有优先受偿权,作为有义务协助的第三人在接到人民法院协助执行通知后应履行该法定义务,如不履行应依法追究其实体责任,以体现法律的权威、法律文书的强制力(案例中没有追究属判决之不足)。
二、 抵押权与承包经营权部分,承包经营者对自己承包经营的财产有相对处分权,故根据《担保法》规定,承包人可以把承包财产作为抵押物以实现自己的经济利益,此行为应认定合法有效,但抵押效力是否及于因承包经营而带来的利益,实践中分歧很大,本文以天然孳息为例,从六个方面阐述自己的观点,即天然孳息非从物,只要事前无约定,即不能推定其受抵押权之限制,否则任意扩大了抵押物的范围,损害了抵押人的利益。
三、 抵押权与租赁权部分,本文从分析案例的角度解决《担保法》没有明确规定的抵押在先租赁在后情形下如何处理抵押权和租赁权的关系问题,并结合外国立法提出我国立法建议,租赁在后的期限不应超出抵押期而存在,如超出,抵押权人有权申请解除该租赁关系,从而能够在价金和时间等方面最大限度地保护抵押权人的合法利益,执行无障碍。
第三部分主要论述抵押权与其他担保物权并存时的关系问题。抵押权以不转移占有为特征,抵押物的所有权人在设立抵押权后,仍然可以对抵押物进行使用、收益,这样,就有可能产生抵押权与其他担保的冲突。本质上,抵押权制度是为保护债权人的利益而设计的,平衡的重心偏向债权人,但是,在保全债权安全的同时,必须照顾抵押人、债务人、第三人的利益。纵然重心偏向依然得寻找平衡,法律是公平的化身。所以,抵押权与其它担保物权及优先权的冲突可以说是围绕如何处理抵押权人、债务人、物上保证人、第三人的利益关系展开的,简言之,利益的冲突之实然性是纠纷的根源。抵押权与各担保物权及优先权的竞合,是抵押权效力研究的重要课题。
抵押权之外的其他担保物权,主要有质权、留营权和优先权,以及让与担保和所有权保留等特殊形式。抵押权和其他担保物权分别以其法定的成立要件之具备而存在于动产或不动产之上,因此,在同一标的物上存在抵押权和其他担保物权情形众多。我国民法仅由个别条文对抵押权和留置权、抵押权和优先权作了规定,因此本部分以抵押权与质权的竞合为详述,并覆盖了所有权保留、留置权等各种主要担保物权与抵押权的关系,在论述中兼谈其立法精神之指向。
第四部分关于抵押权的侵害与救济。首先,对抵押权侵害的理论构成进行了分析,认为依物上代位理论处理抵押权侵害问题具有一定的局限性,应建立统一的抵押权侵害与救济制度来处理抵押权侵害问题。其次,对抵押人侵害抵押物进行了论述,认为抵押人侵害抵押权有两种类型:一是抵押人不适当使用管理抵押物致抵押物价值灭失或减低而侵害抵押权；二是抵押人未经抵押权人的同意而对抵押物进行转让或其他处分而侵害抵押权。我国对抵押人侵害抵押权的救济还远远不够,认为除担保法规定的三种救济方式以外,还应赋予抵押权人停止侵害请求权、物上代位权、解除主合同权、自己采取自救措施而由抵押人负担费用等项救济权利。在第三人侵害抵押权的场合,应该赋予抵押权人对第二人直接有损害赔偿请求权,依侵权赔偿对抵押权的侵害,主要是列举了一些情形,以及在这些情形下如何救济。

英文文摘  Part one Talk about the legal relations of mortgage. It discusses in detail four issues concerning the pledger, mortgage creation and registration, its subject matter, and the effect of mortgage. On pledger, the author explains what it is and what qualifications it should bear. That is the pledger should firstly be a person with complete capacity who is able to take on legal responsibilities for his own actions. Provided the pledger has no full capacity, mortgage is still effective if approved by his legal proxy or his guardian. Next, it is necessary for the pledger to enjoy ownership and right of disposing over the collateral''s. On the subject matter of mortgage, the author begins with elaborating the its features and requirements eroding to guarantee law of our country, both chattels and real estate as well as rights may be regard matters. The thesis here considers that one part or several parts of the houses under construction, and one part of the land-use right may be instituted as mortgage.
Part two firstly briefly expounds the definition and essential features of usufructuary right. Then discusses how to determine the effect and the sequences in judicial practice among the relations between mortgages and land-use right. Mortgage and contracted management rights as well as mortgage and right of lease. Finally, the author analyses some legal problems concerned in order to provide references to practical jurisdiction and legislation.
The co-existence of mortgage and land-use right is never unusual. According to guarantee law. The mortgagors may impawn the land-use right under his legal disposal, and the creditor may thus oppose the third party''s priority in claiming compensation. Provided the land is expropriated. The creditors may still obtain the priority in claiming compensation. And the third party should carry out his legal duty after receiving the notice of cooperative enforcement issued by the people''s court. Otherwise, his legal responsibility will be prosecuted to give expression to the authority of the law and the coerce of legal instruments.
In regard to mortgage and right of lease, the author discusses by analyzing cases how to deal with their relationship in case that mortgage is prior to lease, which is not clearly defined by guarantee law. And the author further puts forward some legislative suggestions to our country on the basis of foreign legislations: when lease is later, its term should not exceed that of mortgage. And the mortgage will have a right to ask for dissolving the lease on condition of the excess of lease term. Thus the mortgages'' legal interest will be greatly protected as far as the term and money paid on a contract are concerned. Also, the execution will be carried out without obstacles.
Part three mainly concerns that mortgage is characterized by occupation without removal. The owner of the mortgage may still enjoy the right of use and the right to yields from his mortgage after the establishment of mortgage. Thus, the conflicts between mortgage and other guarantee may arise. In essence, the mortgage system is designed to protect the interests of the creditors. Meanwhile, it also needs to care the interests of the mortgagors, debtors and the third parties. Therefore the conflicts between mortgage and other real rights for security and priority are the practical sources of disputes on how to correctly deal with relations of different interests among mortgages debtors guarantors and third parties. Simply speaking, the concurrence between mortgage and other real rights for security and priorities is a major subject in studying the effect of mortgage. Consequently this part detailed explains the concurrence between mortgage and rights of pledge and cover consideration of the relationship between mortgage and such real rights for security as transfer guarantee and the reservation of ownership meanwhile, it also involves discussions on the guidance for legislation.
The author analyses the infringement of mortgage and its remedies. Fist based on the formation of theory of the infringement of mortgage the author thinks it is rather limited to resolve the problem of infringement by adopting the theory of subrogation on things. Instead, an integrate remedy system must be established. Next, the author explains that mortgagors infringe mortgages in two ways. One is that mortgagors improperly manage mortgages and cause loss of value, another is that mortgagors transfer or dispose mortgages without the approval of mortgages. The remedy methods against mortgagors'' infringement and far from enough in our country, the author promotes his view that besides the three remedy methods stipulated in China''s guarantee law.
The thesis ends with a brief conclusion.

关键词  抵押权,效力,实务,研究,自由词  
分类标识  D923.3  
论文注解日期  19990415  
总页数  36P