题　名  检察权研究  
作　者  赵威  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  诉讼法学  
指导教师  张旭  
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3990381  
中文文摘  检察权是什么?为什么在世界各国的国家权力系统中检察权的表现形式存在很多差异?我国的检察权应如何定位?检察权是否存在超越历史,超越阶级的终极含义?带着这种对检察权的终极追问,笔者开始了本文的研究历程。
我国当代的学者将检察权界定为“历史的和阶级的概念”。认为不同的历史阶段存在不同的检察权,不同的阶级拥有不同的检察权,并把阶级性当作检察权的本质属性。由此我们得出这样的结论,作为历史性的,阶级性的检察权是不能做以统一的定义的,只能在区分阶级的基础上给予不同的概念和评析。抱着对这种观念反思的想法笔者确立了历史的和阶级的研究思路。
在对检察权历史发展的研究中,我们发现检察权不是在阶级斗争中产生的,检察权自从审判权中分离产生后,始终是与诉权紧密联系的,是不同的诉讼理论和诉讼构造使检察权出现不同的表现形式。阶级性并不是检察权的本质属性,它只是检察权表象属性。片面强调检察权的阶级性,反而使检察权陷入历史的局限,检察理论也只能在形而上学中徘徊。
检察权是法的现象,因此它应是法的本质精神的反映。法的最终目的就是法的实现。那时,权利被享用了,义务被履行了,禁令被遵守了。检察权是以法存在无法完全实现的可能性为前提的。
检察权也是国家权力的现象,与其他司法权力不同的是,检察权有公益性、补偿性和制约性的特点。国家权力的目的是调整社会关系,它通过立法将统治阶级需要的社会关系确认为法律模式,又通过司法把这种法律模式转化成现实的法律关系。在司法活动中国家权力首先表现为对法律的评价权,但在司法实践中统治者又感到为保障司法活动的正常进行,必须对这种单一的法律评价权进行补偿性、救济性的制约。这便是检察权的产生。这是一种程序意义上的权力。
检察权作为国家权力的现象,同样具备权力的权威性,为使这种权威性得以实现,检察权还具备了权力保障的内容,如侦查权、侦查指挥权、抗诉权等。
通过对检察权历史及现状的研究,本文得出的结论是:检察权是国家权力系统中司法权力的一部分是由特定机关行使的,维护法律在实施过程中实现法的价值的保障权。简单地说,检察权就是法的实现的保障权。
对检察权进行超历史、超阶级的评价,对于我们深刻把握检察权的本质属性,重新建构我国检察权的运行模式,对我国检察权进行科学定位,无疑是有深刻意义的。但是,将抽象的法律概念运用到具体的法律实践中,必须考虑其历史的和阶级的因素。
我国的检察权是专门的法律监督权,这是历史和阶级的自然定位,是公有制形式的必然要求。本文对列宁检察理论的充分论述,就足以证明这一点。可以说法律监督是一种广泛意义上的法的实现的保障权,那么在一般监督已经成为不合时宜的历史的今天,又如何规定法律监督权限呢?这便是本文下篇所要谈及的内容。
我国检察权,从根本上说,依然是维护法律在实施过程中实现法的价值的保障权,依然是因法存在存在无法完全实现的可能性而存在的。但是在我国对检察权的理解存在两个观念上的误区,一是检察制度作为舶来的东西始终未能真正根植于我国现实法的实现的需求现状,体现在理论上,就是未能形成自己特有的理论基础。这使得检察权在我国的发展中呈现出一种不稳定的状态,特别是当前在司法体制改革中,两种制度的法学理论在立法上有时表现出一种无机的结合,这在检察制度改革方面显得尤为突出。二是法的规定不等于法的实现,片面强调检察权的阶级性,使法无法完全实现的“可能性”有许多被假设成为“不可能”,这使得我国检察权在许多方面存在着盲区和空白,而无法成为真正意义上的法的实现的保障权。
完善我国的检察权模式,必须综合预计“法无法完全实现的可能性”,在充分考虑历史、阶级的因素外,还应充分考虑利益因素对法的实现的影响。利益主体的多元化、公民权利的尊重是我国当今社会的两大显著特点,这也是传统检察权所忽略的两个因素。可以说,对利益因素考虑不全面是我国现行检察权的根本缺陷。
建构我国检察权模式,是一个系统工程,既包含国家对法的实现的保障系统,又包含实现这种保障的权威系统。这一切必须由一个完整的法律加以确定。这个法律应是有充分预见性的法律。笔者反对在立法上存在的一种观点:“由于检察机关能力,及其人员素质所限,不益赋予其过多权力”这是对法律监督的片面理解,法律监督不仅是事后的违法监督,还应是事中的违法监督,更应是事前形成的心里威慑力。这才是法律监督保障权的本质反映。
因此,我国检察权的模式,应是在法的实现过程中存在的历史的、阶级的、利益的因素充分预见的基础上,形成的有针对性的法律保障系统。

英文文摘  The contemporary scholars in China define procuratorial power as ''historical and classical concept''. As a responding to the concept, I follow a historical and class clue.
Procuratorial power is the natural and spiritual reflect of law, as it is the phenomena of law. The ultimate aim of law is its enforcement. Thereby rights are enjoyed, obligations are fulfilled and bans are abided by. Procuratorial power is premised on the fact that there are some possibilities in law that cannot be fully realized.
Procuratorial power is the phenomena of power of state as well. Its difference from other judicial powers is that procuratorial power is characterized with the quality of public good, compensation and restriction.
As a phenomenon of power of state, procuratorial power also has the authority of power. For the sake of the realization of such authority, procuratorial power is equipped with some guarantee measures, such as power of investigation, conterappealing power and so on.
I draw a conclusion through the study of the history of procuratorial power and its present situation: Procuratorial power is a part of judicial power in power system of state. Specific institution to defend the value of law in the course of its execration exercises it. In brief, procuratorial power is the power to guarantee the realization of law.
The procuratorial power in China is a special power of legal supervision, which is the natural explanation arising from history and class attribute and is the inexorable demand of public ownership. The sufficient statement of Lenin''s procuratorial power in my essay is a tangible testimony. Legal supervision can be considered as a kind of power in broad sense to guarantee the enforcement of law. Then today when the ordinary supervision has been out of date how to stipulate the extent of power of legal supervision? That is what I am going to focus on in the following paragraphs.
Basically speaking, the procuratorial power in China is still a power to guarantee the realization of the value of law while enforcing law. It still exists, as there are possibilities in law that cannot be fully realized. But there are two misunderstanding concept of procuratorial power. On is that procuratorial system, as something that we learn from abroad has never really met the practical need. In the respect of theory, it has not yet formed its characteristic theoretical foundation. All of these have made the development of procuratorial power in China unstable. Especially in the nowadays'' judicial reform two systems of theories of law are not harmonious with each other in the legislation, which is obvious in the reform of procuratorial system. The other one is that the stipulation does not amount to the enforcement of law. Undue stress on the classical nature of procuratorial power has made many people assume the ''possibilities'' that can not be fully realized as ''impossibilities'', which leaves many blind areas margins in procuratorial power and makes the enforcement of law unable to be fully guaranteed.
To perfect the model of procuratorial power in China, we have to estimate comprehensively the possibilities that can not be fully realized and give an all-round consideration to the factors that affect the enforcement of law as well as the historical and class factors. The diversity of the persons who enjoy the interests and the respect for civil rights are two distinguishing traits of our society, but they are neglected in the traditional procuratorial power. So to speak, the incomplete consideration of the factors is the biggest defect of existing procuratorial power in China.
The construction of the model of procuratorial power in China is systematic work, which includes not only the guarantee system of the enforcement of law, but also the power system for the realization of such guarantee. All of these must be confirmed by complete law. The law should be predictive law. I object to such an opinion in the legislation that the procuratorial organ should not be granted too much power for its ability is limited and its staff is not all qualified. That is an overdue understanding of legal supervision. Legal supervision is not only the supervision after the violation of law, but also the supervision during the violation. In the first place, it should have deterrent force before the violation of law. That is the natural reflection of legal supervision.
So the model of procuratorial power should be legal guarantee system existing in the course of the enforcement of law and formed on the basis of the perdition of historical and class factor and various interests.

关键词  检察权,保障权,公益性,自由词  
分类标识  D918（4）  
论文注解日期  19990415  
总页数  85P