题　名  论组织犯  
作　者  路军  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  法学理论  
指导教师  吴振兴  
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3990372  
中文文摘  本文是论述组织犯的专题论文。论文作者在分析组织犯诸观点的基础上,对组织犯的概念进行了重新界定,并对组织犯的范围、组织犯与其他共犯者的关系、组织犯的基本类型、组织犯的立法根据、立法方式做了比较深入的探讨。
论文作者就下列问题提出了新见解或有较深入的研究:
一、 关于组织犯的概念界定问题关于组织犯有三种主张:一是特有类型说,认为组织犯是犯罪集团中的首要分子,起组织、领导、策划、指挥作用。二是等同说,认为组织犯是指犯罪集团和聚众犯罪中的首要分子,这种组织犯的观念与我国刑法第98条规定的首要分子的观念相同。三是一般类型说,认为组织犯是组织、指挥他人犯罪的人。一般类型说把组织犯的范围扩展到了集团犯罪以外。
在分析上述三种观点的基础上,作者提出了组织者共有类型说,认为组织犯是指共同犯罪中,建立犯罪团体,决定犯罪计划、指挥犯罪实行活动的人。(1)建立犯罪团体包括建立犯罪团伙和建立犯罪集团,是组织犯对犯罪成员的组织。(2)决定犯罪计划是指组织犯在犯罪计划过程中起主导作用,不是一般的策划者,而是犯罪计划的决策者。(3)指挥犯罪的实行是指组织犯组织具体犯罪活动的行为。
二、 关于组织犯的范围
特有类型说认为组织犯是犯罪集团的特有类型,集团犯罪之外没有组织犯的存在空间。等同说认为除了犯罪集团中存在组织犯,聚众犯罪中也有组织犯的存在。一般类型说认为一般共犯中也有组织犯的存在。
组织犯共有类型说则认为,组织犯是特殊(复杂)共犯的共犯者类型。具体而言,不但一般犯罪集团存在组织犯,而且二人特殊共犯、犯罪团伙、黑社会组织也有组织犯的存在。
为了说明共有类型的主张,作者以我国理论界对共犯形式一般认识为基础,对共犯形式的分类进行了重新梳理,并提出特殊二人共犯这种新的共犯形式,并对其进行了比较详细的分析。
三、 关于共谋共同正犯问题的探讨
作者在介绍共谋共同正犯的基本主张及其理论困惑的基础上,提出了解决共谋共同正犯的办法。
共谋共同正犯的提出是为了解决故意犯罪中共谋而未实行者的定罪归宿问题。这是大陆法系国家特别是日本刑法学界讨论的热点问题之一。围绕这一问题相继有共谋共同正犯、类似间接正犯、优越支配地位正犯等学说的出世。但是这些学说却未使该问题得到令人满意的解决。
我们认为出现这种局面是由于大陆法系国家立法论与解释论中共犯者类型存在缺漏造成的。大陆法系国家的刑事立法一般把共犯者分为正犯、教唆犯和帮助犯,没有规定组织犯。这正是导致其解决共谋者问题时陷入混乱的一个重要原因。组织犯作为共犯者的独立类型的出现,会比较好地解决这个问题。
我们认为所谓的共谋共同正犯可以按组织犯和帮助犯来处理。共谋者中的主谋者就是犯罪计划的组织犯,共谋的一般参与者是精神上的帮助犯。
四、 关于组织犯的基本类型
根据犯罪时是否出现在犯罪现场以及组织的程度、承担刑事责任的特点,作者把组织犯分为:现场的组织犯和幕后的组织犯、犯罪集团的组织犯和非犯罪集团的组织犯、全部责任的组织犯和部分责任的组织犯。
现场的组织犯是犯罪的现场组织者,幕后的组织者已是犯罪的幕后组织者。犯罪集团的组织犯包括一般犯罪集团中的组织犯和黑社会组织中的组织犯。非集团中的组织犯包括犯罪团伙中的组织犯和二人特殊共犯中的组织犯。全部责任的组织犯对共犯者的犯罪承担全部责任,部分责任组织犯对共犯者的犯罪承担部分责任。
五、 组织犯的立法探讨
作者认为随着社会的转型,犯罪的形势也发生了较大的变化,有组织的犯罪日渐增多。组织犯罪的人具有特别严重的社会危害性和人身危险性,所以组织犯应当成为刑法打击的重点对象。
为了实现这一目的,在刑法典中应当明确把组织犯作为共犯者类型加以规定,使组织犯的定罪有明确的刑法根据,有利于打击犯罪的组织者

英文文摘  First, the stipulation about the concept of organizing offender
There are three propositions about organizing offender: the first one is special type theory, which regard the organizing offender as the chief person who has the function of organizing, leading, plotting and conducting. The second one is parity theory, which regard the organizing offender as the chief person of criminal group and assemble a crowd to commit a crime. This concept is the same as the concept of chief person stipulated in the 98th issue of Chinese Criminal Code. The third one is general type theory, which regard the organizing offender as the person who organize and conduct other person to commit a crime. The general type theory makes the sphere of organizing offender outside the organized crime.
On the basis of analyzing three propositions, the author put for-ward the complicity theory of organizing offender. The author think the organizing offender refer to the person who establish criminal group, decide the criminal plot, conduct the criminal activities. (1) The establishment of criminal gang, which includes the establishment of criminal group and bole, is that the organizing offender organize the criminal person. (2) Drawing up criminal plot refer to the organizing offenders leading function in the criminal stage, he is the policymaker, not only the common plotter. (3) Conducting crime refer to the concert conduct of the organizing offender in the criminal stage.
Second, the sphere of organizing offender
The special type theory regards the organizing offender, who exists outside the group crime, as the separate accomplice in the criminal group. Party theory regard the organizing offender not only exist in criminal group, but also exist in assembles accord to commit a crime. The complicity theory regards the organizing offender as the type of Special and sophisticate coexisting accomplice. Furthermore, the organizing offender exists in special two - person criminal gang of complicity, the organization of gangland as well as common criminal bloc.
On the basis of common acknowledgement to the type of complicity in Chinese theory realm, the author reevaluate the type of complicity, point out a new type of special two-person accomplice and analyze the notion minutely.
Third, the probe of collusive coprincipals.
After introducing the fundamental proposal and the puzzle of theory on the concept of collusive coprincipals, the author proposes a selected way of solving collusive coprincipals.
The proposition of collusive coprincipals is to solve how to convict the person who involved in the criminal plot but does not have concert action. This is one of the hot - point problems discussed in the nations of continental law system, especially in Japanese Criminal Code realm. According to this problem, there are the theories of collusive coprincipals, indirect guilt, superior controlling principal etc. But all these theories do not solve the problem satisfactorily. We think the shortage of the type of accomplice in legislation and explanation result in this situation.
The criminal legislation of continental law system, which having remarked these problems, usually divide the accomplice into principal abettor and accessory, does not have the type of organizing of-fender. This is the main reason of making a mess when resolving the problem of conspirator. The organizing offender, as an independent type of accomplice, will resolve this problem perfectly.
We think the collusive consprincipals can be dealt with as organizing offender and accessory. The chief plotter of conspirator is the person who decides to commit a crime, the organizing offender. The common partner of conspirator is the spiritual accessory.
Fourth, the basic type of organizing offender.
The author deviled the organizing offender into the type of being on the spot and behind the scenes, inside the bloe and outside the bloe, organizing and unorganizing according to whether the person to be on the criminal scene while crime to be committed.
The organizing offender of being on the spot is the organizer of criminal scene. The organizing offender behind the scenes is the leader behind the scenes. The organizing offender in the bloe includes the organizing offender of common criminal gang and gangland. The organizing offender of outside bloe includes the organizing offender of criminal gang and special two-person accomplice.
The organizing offender of full liability should pay full responsible for the crime committed by accomplice. The organizing offender of partial liability should pay part responsible for the crime committed by accomplice.
The author probes into the legislation of organizing offender and analyzing the legislative foundation and pattern of organizing off ender in the last part of the article.

关键词  犯罪,组织犯,二人特殊共犯,自由词  
分类标识  D924.111  
论文注解日期  19990415  
总页数  59P