题　名  对检察监督权的再认识  
作　者  田桂娟  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  法理学  
指导教师  马新福，  
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3010646  
中文文摘  我国宪法明确规定了人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关，依法独立行使检察权。检察监督权亦即法律监督权，可以说就是由检察机关行使监督的职权。我国宪法虽然规定了检察机关的法律监督权，但在实践中仍显得刚性不足，特别是在政治体制改革框架中的司法改革不断深入的过程中，庭审制度改革后，检察机关法定的法律监督地位常有疲软的症候。在司法制衡中发生的许多冲突，理论上无法给予合理的解释。随着国内外司法改革的不断深入，理论界对检察机关法律监督权的存废之争也日趋激烈。本文作者基于此种现实，认为有必要对检察监督权的性质、定位、特征以及检察权能的形成与发展、改革等理论上进一步进行研究探讨，借鉴国内研究成果和国外有益做法，对检察监督权重新进行理论构建，旨在使检察机关更有效地实施检察监督。笔者探讨的是狭义的法律监督权——检察机关的法律监督权。检察机关的法律监督权即检察机关依据宪法和法律，对以诉讼为中心的司法活动进行监督的权力。从行使权力的主体上看，它是由特定的行使审查批准逮捕、审查决定起诉、出席法庭支持公诉等法定职权的国家机关——人民检察院来实施的。从权力的来源上看，它来源于宪法及法律的授权；从权力行使的过程或环节上看，它在诉讼前、诉讼中、诉讼后的司法（诉讼）程序中介入监督活动；从权力指向的客体上看，它以监督全国人大及其常委会制定的有关法律的统一、正确实施为已任。    从检察监督权的产生及发展上看，它是诉讼方式不断完善的产物，是国家保障法律实施必不可少的手段。我国检察监督权具有程序性和诉讼性的本质特征和司法监督权的性质，应将其定位到司法监督上。理由是：1、从总体上有利于保障检察权行使的独立性。如果将检察机关隶属于行政系统并定位于行政机关，在我国现行体制下，基本上不存在检察活动相对独立的可能，一切听任于行政指令，司法的独立和公正难以实现。 2、从我国检察机关的特殊法律地位看，一是在法律上担当法律监督职能，二是在体制上脱离行政系统，成为相对独立的司法体系。因此作为司法机关更具有职能和体制上的依据，而且这种有别于其他国家的特殊法律地位系我国宪法所确立的。3、从世界各国的现行体制上看，强调检察权的司法性并由此而强化检察官的独立性，应当说具有普遍的定式。4、在任何法治国家中，法律监督制度应当是齐全完备的，即：宪法监督是法律监督制度中最高层次的监督，以保证法律、行政法规以及国家机关的职权行为和宪法保持一致，确保宪法实施。在我国，人民代表大会的法律监督具有中国特色，主要是为了保证国家法律、行政法规在本区域内得到实施。我国是在这两种监督制度的情况下，派生出检察法律监督和法院审判法律监督以及行政法律监督。5、我国检察机关拥有的法律监督权，与我国宪法所确认的宪法监督制度、国家权力机关监督制度和行政监督制度是并不矛盾的，制宪者的本意在于设置一个相互策应的监督体系以确保国家法律的正确实施，检察监督应定位于司法监督。6、现代社会中，由一个机关统揽所有的法律监督职能已属不可能。我国已初步建立了国家监督制度体系。在这个体系中，各法律监督主体分工明确，互相协调是监督制度得以发挥最大效益的基本前提条件。检察机关只是这个法律监督体系中的一脉，将检察机关的法律监督定位到司法监督上，才能顺应我国法律监督制度的体系。    我国检察监督权的构成主要包括：1、刑事法律监督权。2、民事审判监督权。3、行政审判监督权。4、司法解释权。 从现有的法律规定和司法实践来看，我国现行的检察监督权可以归纳为一句话，即检察监督权包括部分的法律监督权和部分的执法权。这就使我国检察监督处在这样一个尴尬局面：法律监督权因缺乏相应的法律规定和保障措施而日趋疲软；执法权的行使因与法律规定的“法律监督”不符而往往有“侵权”之嫌。我国宪法对检察监督权的定位是准确的，也是必要的，但易使人们产生理解偏差。另外，我国现行的程序法对检察机关法律监督权的相关规定不健全，对法律监督的理解也留下了片面性空间。我国的检察监督权在法律上基本处于“诉讼后”的静态监督，即只对违法行为已成为既成事实时才履行监督职责，且对一般的违法行为只有建议权，对被监督的机关和个人没有形成威慑。    我国属于集权制国家，法律监督应伴随法的实施过程。它既应是“诉讼中”的动态监督，也应是“诉讼后”的静态监督，更应该包含对“诉讼前”可预见性违法行为的威慑。我国设立检察监督权的目的应从根本上预防和惩戒在法的实施过程中的违法犯罪行为。这是我国检察监督权的刚性所在。通过对检察监督权的理论及实践的研究探讨，在借鉴国内研究成果和国外成功经验的前提下，对我国检察监督权进行重新配置，即完善系统的检察立法，增设检察监督权力，构建以诉讼为中心的诉讼前监督、诉讼中监督、诉讼后监督的检察监督模式，保障检察监督权的有效行使。  
英文文摘  Chinese Constitution stipulates that People''s Procurator is our state''s law supervision organ and it can make use of procurator right indepandent. Procurator authority to supervise, that is law supervision, can be thought the supervisory power made use of by procurator organ. Though our constitution had stipulated law supervision, it is still not strong enough, especially in the process of judicature reform from political system reform. The position of lawful supervision accepted by procurator organ shows weak symptom after the reform of court judicial system. Many conflicts can''t give us reasonable explanation in theory .With the developing of judicial reform at home and abroad, the sharp conflicts about law supervision are getting more and more obvious. According to the fact, I think it is necessary that we should go into its character, position feature and its form, development reform and so on . We can also set up new theory about procurator supervision by use of our research and good methods abroad in order to carry it out effectively.What I discussed is limited law supervision, that is procurator organ''s law supervision. According to constitution and law, it is the supervisory right which is a judicial activity about lawsuit.It is mainly carried out by peoples procurator state organs have the right of investigation, granting arrest, prosecute and supporting public prosecution. It''s power originate from Constitution and law''s authority; From the process and link, it takes part in supervision activity before. In the middle and after lawsuit. From the object, it regards, the law''s unity and correctness drawn up by the National people''s as its own responsibility.1.From its born and development, procurator supervision is the result of perfecting and necessary method for guarantee law apply, It has characteristic of procedure, lawsuit and judicial supervision. It should be placed over judicial supervision. Reasons are Mainly it is good for guarantee the independence of procurator right, If we classify procurator organ to administrative system and fix it, it is impossible for procurator activity to be independent relatively under our state system. All the activities must obey administrative orders, it is difficult to realize just and independence.2.From the special law position of our country''s procurator organ: firstly it holds the post of law supervision, secondly it separates from administrative system and becomes independent one. As procurator organ, it has the evidence in post and system . Our constitution special position is different from other country''s.3.From other country''s system: it is common pattern that put emphasis on judiciary character and independence of public procurator.4.Law supervision system should be perfect in any legal states. In china, Law supervision of people''s congress with Chinese characteristic is guarantee of applying state law and administrative system. Procurator law supervision, court supervision are derived from under this condition.5.Law supervision owned by Chinese procurator organ. It is not contradictory with those supervisory system. The aim of creators is to set a mutual control system to apply state law fairy.6.In modern society ,it is impossible for a government to control all the law supervision. Our state has set up a national supervisory system. It is basic condition for these system to work purposely and to coordinate each other. Because procurator organ is only part of it, it is fit for our state supervisory system to place it over judicial system.Procurator authority to supervise is made of: 1.criminal law supervision. 2. civil judicial authority supervisor.  3.administrative judicial supervisor  4.judicial explanation right From the rules and practice, current supervisor can be summed up one sentence: it includes partly right of law supervisor and partly sight of enforce the law. Thus it makes our state an embarrassed situation: Law supervisor is weaker and weaker because of lack of relative rules and secure measures. It is often suspected“violation”just because of different understanding. The definition of procurator authority to supervise is correct and necessary, but sometimes people misunderstand it. In addition, the incomplete procedure misunderstand law supervisor unilaterally. Our Procurator authority to supervise doesn''t do its duty until illegal act become fact, and it only has right of suggestion, it has no thereat to supervisory administrative and person.Our state is authoritative. Law supervisor should be companied by the practical process. It should be not only dynamic state but also static state both in lawsuit and after lawsuit. It contains threat to foreseen illegal act.

关键词  检察监督权,认识,自由词  
分类标识  DF0  
论文注解日期  20010410  
总页数  67P