题　名  论债权人代位权和撤销权  
作　者  姬新江  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  经济法学  
指导教师  张瑞萍
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3990376  
中文文摘  债权人代位权和撤销权是债权人保全债权的两项重要权利,在民法理论上称之为债的保全制度,学理上也称为债的对外效力。关于债权人的这两项权利,我国《民法通则》及现行的合同法中均未作明确规定,这是立法上的一个重大遗漏。我们认为债权人代位和撤销权,对于防止债务人责任财产的不当减少,而给债权人的债权成损害,增强债权一般担保的资力,为渐形成良好的信用制度和商业道德,均有重要意义。
由于债权人的代位权和撤销权涉及第二人的利益,因此,在行使这两项权利时应具备相应的条件。债权人行使代权须具备四个条件:第一,须有债务人对第二人享有权利。第二，债务人怠于行使权利,第三,债务人履行债务迟延,第四,债权人确有保全自己债权的必要,债权人行使代住权还应有适当的方式。有学者主张,债权人可径行行使代位权。我们认为,根据我国现在的国情,债权人以诉讼方式行使代位权可避免债权人径行行使代权,可能产生的哄抢或随意外置债务人财产,以及其他不必要的纠纷。债权人行使代位权应以保全债权为必要限度,即债权人代位行使债务人的权利所获得的价值,应与所需保全的债权的价值相当,债权人代位权的行使期间应以普通时效规定的2年为宜,2年的期间以债务人迟延履行债务时起算。债权人行使代位权,并不意味着行使代位权的债权人可对行使代位所得,可以优先受偿。因为代位权行使的目的是保持债务人的财产,而债务人的财产则是所有债权人的总债权的担保，各债权人对债务人的财产享有平等的受偿权。债权人行使代位权对债务人、第三人及债权人本人均产生不同的效力,需要特别说明的是,债权人行使代位权并不与合同的相对性规则相抵触。
债权人撤销权又称废罢诉权,源于古罗马法,但罗马法上的反罢诉权与现代立法中的债权人撤销权有着重要差异。现代立法中的债权人撤销权更有利于保护债权人的债权。债权人的撤销权兼具请求权和形成权的性质,债权人行使撤销权,一方面可请求因债务人的行为而获得利益的第二人返还财产,从而恢复债务人的责任财产的原状。另一方面,债权人撤销权的行使,又以撤销债务人与第二人的民行为为内容。债权人行使撤销权应具备以下条件:第一,有债务人实施有害于债权人的行为。第二,债务人的行为须危害债权人的债权。第二,债务人主观上有恶意,债权人行撤销权,应当向法院提起诉讼,请求法院撤销债务人不当外分财产的行为。债权人行使撤销权以谁为被告,应根据具体情况予以决定。债权人撤销权行使的期间,各国规定不尽一致。有的规定为诉讼时效,有的规定为除斥期间。我们认为在现行立法尚未明确规定之前,适用对可撤销民事行为一年的除斥期间的规定更为适宜。债权人撤销权的效力及于债务人、相对人和受益人以及债权人。债权人的撤销权因债权人请求权消灭、撤销权的行使以及抛弃,除斥期间而消灭。
债权人代位权与撤销权虽共同构筑成债的保全,但二者仍有许多不同点,当然也有许多共同之处。债权人代位权与撤销权在维护债务人责任财产方实裨益巨大,但仍有不能确保债权人债权完全获偿的缺憾,因此,债权人代位权与撤销权,需与债的担保制度,违约责任制度,债权人自力救助制度相结合,才能构筑起债的防护体系,确保债权人债权的实现,保障市场经济健康、有序的发展。

英文文摘  The right of subrogation and the right of quash are two important rights for creditors to conserve their rights. In civil law term, we call them the Institution of Conversation of Debts, and they can also be called the external validity of debts, there is no clear prescription in the General Rules of the civil law of China and other current contact laws about the rights of the creditors. It is a great omission in the legislation .T he right of subrogation and the right of quash of the creditor''s enable to protect the rights of the creditors from being the unjustified decrease of the properties of the debtors, and they are significant to form better credit capital of the general guarantee system and commercial morality.
The right of subrogation and the right of quash touch the interest of the third party, consequently, when the creditors exercise the two rights, they must follow the four requirements: I. The debtors must have the rights to the third part y, II. The debtors enforce the right negligently; III. The debtors delay to fulfill obligation; IV. The creditors have the necessities to conserve their own creditor rights. The creditor must find proper way to exercise the right of subrogation. According to some scholars, the creditors can exercise directly, however, concerning about the current conditions of China, we think it is proper to exercise the right of subrogation by way of action. This action can avoid the possibility of cheating and disposing the properties of debtors and some unnecessary disputes .As exercising the right of subrogation directly, the creditors should base on conserving the creditor right as a limitation. That is, when the creditor subrogate the right of debtor, he gets the value equal to the one of the creditor right he conserves. The exercising period is 2 years according to the ordinary prescription. It is started when the debtor delay to fulfill the obligation. If the creditor exercises the right of subrogation, it doesn''t mean that he has the precedence over acceptance, because the purpose of exercising the right of subrogation is to keep the debtor''s property, which is the guarantee of the total creditors right of all the creditors. Every creditor has the equal right to accept the debtor''s property. The exercise of the right of subrogation has different effects upon the debtor, the third party and the creditor himself. It must be pointed out that the exercise of the right of subrogation doesn''t go against the relative rules of the contracts.
The right of quash is also called the right of dethrone, It derives from Roman law. However, There are great differences between the dethrone of legal capacity to sue in Roman Law and the right of quash of the creditor in modern law. The latter is more favorable to the creditor it reflects both the right of claim and the right of formation. When a creditor enforces his right of quash, he can ask the third party who profits on the action of the debtor to return his money to rest jute property of the debtor. Besides, the creditor may also quash the civil act between the debtor and the third party.
The right of quash should be on the condition that act by the debtor is disadvantageous to the creditor. The creditor should charge a lawsuit in the court to quash the debtor''s improper action about the property. It should depend on the fact that who is charged again by the creditor. The period during which the creditor exercises his right of quash varies in different countries as either action prescription or scheduled time period. Therefore, in our country before a definite prescription has been not made. Scheduled time period is preferred to year''s quash of civil act .The creditor''s right of quash applied to the debtor, the benefiting party, the correspondent party and the creditor. It dies away with the exercising of the creditor''s right of claim and quash and the ending of the scheduled time period.
The conservation of a debt consists of the creditor''s right of subrogation and right of quash, while between which there are many differences and similarities. Although the two rights play important roles in the conservation of the debtor''s guaranteeing property, there is still a pity in complete conversation of the creditor''s right. As a result, the two rights should be combined with guarantee system of debt, burden system of breaking a contract and the creditor''s self-supporting system. Thus the creditor right can be conserved and the market economy can develop wealthy and orderly.

关键词  债权人,代位权,撤销权,自由词  
分类标识  D922  
论文注解日期  19990415  
总页数  57P