题　名  当前我国经济犯罪的特点、成因及预防  
作　者  杨成军  
作者单位  吉林大学,法学院,长春市 130012  
专　业  刑法学  
指导教师  吴振兴，  
学位级别  303  
馆藏索取号  3990085  
中文文摘  经济犯罪是与市场经济相伴而来的一种消极社会现象。鉴于现阶段经济犯罪活动有愈演愈烈的趋势,如何更有效地遏制这股犯罪潮,是当前和今后一段时期内,理论界和实务界亟待解决的一个问题。
一、当前我国经济犯罪的特点
(一) 当前经济犯罪的复杂性。主要表现在:首先,经济犯罪涉及面广,很多案件涉及党政军一些干部乃至国家领导干部；其次,目前经济政策法律纷繁复杂,经济犯罪与不正之风、工作中的失误交织在一起,规章制度也正在改革、补充和完善之中,因此,导致实践中罪与非罪，此罪与彼罪界限较难把握；再次,经济犯罪都属智力型犯罪,一般是利用自己的专长和职务上的便利,在自己熟悉的领域中犯罪。
(二) 当前经济犯罪的隐蔽性。主要表现在:首先,经济犯罪的主体大多为特殊主体,具有一定的职权和身份,并利用其为自己的犯罪行为作掩护,不像一般刑事犯罪那样具有外在明显特征,犯罪黑数大,不易被发现；其次,在犯罪方式上具有独特性,手段上向多样化发展；再次,犯罪客体大多是公共财产和社会主义市场经济秩序。
(三) 当前经济犯罪的欺骗性。主要表现在:首先,经济犯罪主体在身份上具有一定职衔,难以被人识破；其次,经济犯罪分子往往打着改革、开放、搞活,为社会主义市场经济建设服务的旗帜欺骗性强；再次,经济犯罪分子往往笼络上下左右,以贿赂开辟道路,查办阻力。.
(四) 当前经济犯罪的疯狂性、贪婪性。主要表现在:首先,当前经济犯罪案件数量大,作案金额越来越大,大案要案明显增多；其次,经济犯罪分子敢于顶风作案；再次,经济犯罪分子舍命不舍财,对金钱的贪婪达到了疯狂的程度。
二、 经济犯罪的成因
(一) 经济犯罪产生的社会原因。在我国现阶段,主要表现在以下两个方面:
1、 现行社会主义制度的不完善性,是产生经济犯罪的主要原因。由于我国目前正处于社会主义初级阶段市场经济建设时期,是共产主义的最初阶段,因此也可以说,我们现阶段的社会主义制度与未来高级的社会主义阶段相比较必然还存在着诸多尚待改进的不合理因素。而这些不合理因素又正好是现行社会主义制度本身的一部分,是与这个制度共存于一体的,根据我国目前社会制度的本质特征,从目前的分配制度看,公民所领取的劳动报酬,仅是他创造的劳动成果的一小部分,绝大部分被社会以公积金和公益金的名义扣留了,由此导致了社会将公民的主体意识导向生产过程之外。并助长了两种非正常意识的膨胀,一种是拜权主义,一种是拜金主义,目前,我国大多数经济犯罪均与这两种情况有关。
2、市场经济的二重性也是经济犯罪产生的一个重要的社会原因。市场经济的两重性决定了市场经济本身存在着消极因素。这些消极因素的恶性膨胀是形成经济犯罪在经济方面的原生动因,计划经济向市场经济转轨时期所形成的诸多矛盾,对市场经济内部的消极因素外化提供了更多的机遇,这是产生经济犯罪的巨大诱因。
(二)经济犯罪的个体原因。主要表现在:
首先,经济犯罪个体的原生心理动因。人类生存发展的需要是人的心理现象之一,人的需要结构反映其世界观、人生观及道德评价,反过来人生观和道德观也对其需要结构起制约和统率作用,经济犯罪的形成过程首先是个人需要转化。个人需要结构发生变化,在其个性结构中固定下来,逐渐形成了犯罪心理。
其次,经济犯罪个体犯罪心理的社会特征。经济犯罪人自私自利的个性倾向,在极端个人本位的思想意识下,物质利益成为行为人的终极目的。只要具备最低限度的环境诱因或者外部条件的刺激,就会实施经济犯罪。
再次,经济犯罪动机形成的条件,经济犯罪人的犯罪心理形成过程,是内外因素相互作用、相互转化的过程,其动机的产生,首先源自行为人对金钱的内在需要和欲望。再加上犯罪行为人由于其自私自利的个性特征,其内在需要会毫无节制地恶性膨胀,当外部条件具备时,就会立即转化为经济犯罪的动机。
最后,经济犯罪行为人的道德原因,道德与法一样,其发生的前提是人的本质上的不完善性,而社会主义市场经济的发展与道德衰落存在着某种内在相关性,由于社会主义市场经济的建立,社会对金钱的意识普遍增强,传统道德中的伦理本位主义必然受到冲击,私有意识的膨胀成为社会意识的一个重要方面,必将出现经济发展与道德发展的两难冲突,市场经济对道德演化的影响构成了经济犯罪的道德原因。
(三)经济犯罪的实现条件,主要表现在:
首先,国家管理机制存在缺陷,当前我国正处在新旧经济体制转轨时期,许多管理制度尚未建立健全,突出表现在立法和执法上,真空和漏洞增多,使经济犯罪发生的机会增多,这种制约机制的薄弱是经济犯罪的实现条件之一。
其次,国家管理机关的官僚主义助长了犯罪气焰。突出表现在领导素质和长官意志两个方面。
最后,经济犯罪的受害者知情不报从客观上也助长了经济犯罪行为人的气焰,经济犯罪被害人种种非正常的心理,在客观上强化了经济犯罪分子的侥幸心理。
三、 经济犯罪的预防
经济犯罪的预防不是某一个或几个部门、某几部法律就能实现的,它需要全社会力量的参与合形成一个由宏观和微观两个方面构成的经济犯罪预防体系。在这个体系中,宏观经济犯罪预防主要从非刑事法律预防手段和刑事法律预防着手,从事前和事后两阶段同时入手,从而将经济犯罪控制在一定程度内,微观预防则主要从家庭、学校教育着手,从一个人的成长初期开始进行,对公民在政治思想上、人生目的上进行教育,将经济犯罪控制在未然状态,这是一种治本措施。
综前所述，以经济立法保护市场经济，以经济司法惩罚经济犯罪。这是一个必不可少的手段,但这并不是唯一手段,还需要将其与经济犯罪的微观预防及其他措施结合起来,动员全社会的力量,本着既要治标,更要治本的目的,来有效预防经济犯罪。

英文文摘  Economic Crime is the social rhenominom connected with the market economy it is a problem do the sorted at present and in the future clue to the rampant occurrence of this crime by the nersons theoretical and practical fields.
1. The character of economic crime.
(1). The complication of this crime first, it is wide-concerned. Second, it is difficult to define the concept; third, it is the commit crime in their familiar fields.
(2). The kidding of the crime first, the subject of this crime is the special subject, so it is difficult to be detected second, the way of crime is runners; third, the abject of this crime is mainly the economic order and public property.
(3). The cheating of this Crime. First it is difficult to be found second, it is usually excused; third, it is concern with the corruption. The criminal gets through by bride to establish the shield to protect themselves.
(4). The crassness of crime. First, the amount of currency is larger and lamer, second, the lawbreaker is Greeley third, the criminals would sacrifice their lives to seine money, it is the degree of crassness.
2. The reasons
(1) The social reasons occurred at present are shown as below:
1. The imperfect of the currency system
Because we are now m the period of the construction of the socialist market economy; the system has some places to be modified, and the wages of the citizens are the only small part of their salary which should be given, which cause the abnormal psychology to lure for worrier, to lure for money
2. The duplication of the market economy is also the main reason, which decides the existence of the passive factors the tradition which have been occurred during the transition from the planned economy to the market economy have made a big reason for economic crime.
(2) The individual reason of the economic crime
First the psychology reason of the subject of the economic crime. The formation of the economic crime is the char2e of the personal requirement.
Second, the social character of the psychology of the economic criminal, the criminal have the tendency of extreme economic criminal, the criminal have the tendency of extreme selfishness, which is also the reason.
Third, the constitution of the motive of the economic crime. The appetite for money in side the criminal will blow up if it is combined with the personality of selfishness.
Forth, the moral reason of the economic criminal. The conflict of the economic development with the moral development. The market economy which affects the morality has cause the moral reason of the economic crime
(3) The realistic condition of the economy'' crime Which shows as:
First, the flaw of the management system We are now on they to the new economic management system, there are a lot of regulations need to be legislated, the outstanding problems are the legislation and the enforcement of the law.
Second, the beaurallcratism of the management organization has enhance the tendency of the crime. The appearance of which are the gratification of the leaders, and the orders of leaders.
In the end, the victim of the economic crime helps criminal by the way of refusing prosecuting, that is also the reason, the abnormal psychology of the victims has activate the economic criminal objectively.
3. The protection of the economic crime
The protection of the economic crime can riot be made by one or some departments, but the participation of the whole society, in this system, mainly appears as the rural law protection and non-rural law protection.
Above all, it is the necessary method to protect the market economy by the economic law, but it is not the only method. Still need the protection method, which combines with the economic crime, and other methods, to mobilize the who1e society to protect the economic crime effectively.

关键词  经济犯罪,特点,成因,预防,自由词  
分类标识  D924  
论文注解日期  19990315  
总页数  53P