学位论文题名   论合同效力
论文作者       付丽梅
作者单位       吉林大学
专    业       经济法
指导教师       马新福
学位级别       303
中文文摘    
     本文主要研究了合同效力制度的有关问题。第一部分通过对合同成立的概念和条件,合同生效的概念和条件的比较分析,阐述了合同成立与合同效力是密切联系而又相互区别的概念。合同成立是双方合意的结果。而合同效力是合同的法律约束力。包括对社会的约束力和对当事人的约束力。本文从狭义的合同效力即对当事人的约束力来研究合同效力问题。通过研究分析不难看出，合同效力与合同自由是不同的，合同自由是订立合同的自由，而合同效力源于合同自由，是从法律的角度肯定了合同自由，同时合同效力又不同于法律效力,它不是由国家立法机关制定的，也不是国家意志的体现,并在实践中司法机关可对合同进行必要的干预。在我国司法实践中,一般很少区别合同成立与合同无效问题,通常将不符合生效要件的合同确认为无效合同,很少考虑合同不成立的情况,这样就混淆了当事人对合同不成立和合同无效的责任。笔者从合同解释的角度,合同的法律后果，对合同当事人进行守法教育,及国家对合同干预力四个方面阐述了区别合同成立与合同无效的意义。论文第二部分主要对大陆法系和英美法系的合同效力规定进行了比较,从两大法系对合同效力规定制度上不难看出，在当事人订约时的民事行为能力方面,大陆法系的一些国家规定,无民事行为能力的人订立的合同无效,而法国、荷兰将其规定为可撤销,因此它在保护个人利益的同时也保护了社会利益具有一定的进步意义,在意思表示方面,两大法系都规定欺诈,胁迫,乘人之危而签订的合同是相对无效的,但为了社会利益没有全部抛弃个人本位,较好地解决了社会利益和个人本位之间的矛盾。在合同内容是否违法方面,世界各国都将“不合法"作为影响合同效力的一个重要原因。尽管对于违法的界定,两大法系都有所不同,但立法和判例对合同无效的规定都表现出了较谨慎的态度,即法无明文规定不视为违法。大陆法系规定违法合同为无效,而英美法系规定违法合同分成文法上的违法合同和普通法上的违法合同。根据普通法规定不是所有触犯禁例的交易都无效,有些情况下合同虽违法但仍有效。英美法系对违法合同效力规定反映了判例法系的灵活,但不利于维护法律的尊严和严肃性,这方面我们应借鉴大陆法系的规定。论文第三部主要阐述了我国在合同效力上规定的特点及意义。我国过去立法与传统民法规定有所不同,将限制行为能力的人未经允许而订立的合同,欺诈，胁迫,乘人之危而订立的合同规定为无效。可见我国无效合同过宽，对合同主体资格限制过严，将意思表示缺陷而订立的合同,如欺诈，胁迫，乘人之危情况下而订立的合同归为绝对无效,对于合同内容合法的要求缺乏具体的标准。因此长期以来，我国经济生活中合同得不到履行的现象十分严重。应当看到，即使在发达的市场经济国家，现实生活中的大量交易也是通过那些我国认为无效的合同来实现的。什么是违法合同,我国过去立法没有考虑违法性的范围，在实践中也是不具体的，不可操作的，我国对重大误解和显失公平制度的具体含义及构成要件没有做出具体规定,实践中易导致这一原则的滥用。我国的胁迫制度仅限于对人身或财产上直接施加的压力。而对一方当事人利用其地位,意志或思想在精神上或其他方面向另一方当事人施加的非正当的间接压力而订立的合同,无任何救济措施。可见,我国过去立法对合同效力制度的规定已不能适应飞速变化了的经济条件和经济形势。新合同法在合同效力规定上的特点是：减少了绝对无效合同范围,建立了效力待定制度,扩大了可撤销合同范围。将无效合同的范围限制在违反法律,行政法规的禁止性规定和社会公共利益范围之内。将限制行为能力的人签订的合同及欺诈,胁迫,乘人之危而签订的合同归为可撤销合同，这样既有利于实现合同法的目标,也有利于保护当事人的合法权益。本人在文的第四部分对完善我国合同效力制度提出了一些浅粗的观点,望老师和同仁多多赐教。第一、完善重大误解制度，将其修改为“错误”制度,而且必须符合一定的构成要件,才能产生使合同予以变更和撤销的法律后果。第二、完善显失公平制度，考查一个合同是否构成显失公平，要主客观要件结合起来。此外我国法律还应明确规定合同价格与市场公平零售价的背离程度，从而有利于该规则的具体操作。第三、建立不正当影响制度，弥补胁迫制度的不足。由于现代社会的广泛依存性，交易多样化，一方难免受到另一方不正当影响而订立一种不情愿的合同。对于不正当影响制度，笔者认为英美法系的规定明确合理，在实践中易操作，值得我国借鉴。综上，借鉴两大法系科学合理的成份，创建适合我国国情的，同时又与国际接轨的合同效力制度是本文追求的境界。  
英文文摘 This thesis mainly discusses contract effect system. Part I of this thesis expends contact and distinguish between contract establishment and contract effect through comparing and analyzing their concept and conditions. Contract establishment is a 4esult of the agreement of two parties, but contract effect is legal binding force of contract, including binding force on society and on all parties. This thesis studied contract effect from narrow sense angle or binding force on the party .We find easily the difference between contract effect and freedom through studying and analyzing. Contract freedom is conclusion freedom, and contract effect stems from its freedom, it affirms contract freedom from legal angle. In the meantime, contract effect is different from law effect, it isn''t drawn up by national legislative body. Nor reflect of national will, and the judicial organ can interfere in contract essentially in practice. In our judicial practice there is usually no difference between contract establishment and contract effect and the contract that don''t conform with its effective conditions was confirmed to be valid and almost no one considers the matter that isn''t established, thus the responsibility of the party for not established and invalid contract would be obscured. The author expands the meaning of distinguish between not established and invalid contract from the interpretation of contract, legal consequence, abiding by the law to the party and national interference angle in contract. By the comparison of the effect system between civil law system and common law system in Part II of the thesis, in civil capacity of the party, we can find easily that civil law system has stipulated that the contract signed by one who has not civil capacity is invalid and yet it may be avoided in France and the Netherlands. So to protect personal interests, it also protects society''s interests, it has certain progressive significance. In the expression of meaning, both legal systems have stipulated that the contract signed by cheating, forcing, taking advantage of one''s precarious position is relative invalid, but it has not absolutely forsaken personal department for society''s interests, and settled the contradiction between society''s interests and personal department correctly. In respect to the content of contract various states in the world consider illegitimacy a important factor on contract effect. Although different in stipulating illegitimacy, both legal systems hold a prudent manner to an invalid contract in making laws and judicial precedent, that is to say, without stipulated, it isn''t regarded as illegal. Civil law system has stipulated that the illegal contract is invalid, and common law system divided illegal contract into illegal contract in written law and in common law. According to common law, all transactions violating laws are not invalid in some cases, although a contract is illegal, it is valid Although the stipulation of common law system in contract effect responses the mobility of case law it isn''t of benefit to defending law sovereignty and earnest, in this way, civil law system is worth use for reference. Part Ill of thesis mainly discusses the characteristic and the meaning about contract effect in our country, There is a different between old law in China and traditional civil law, the contract signed by one whose capacity is restricted, cheating forcing and taking advantage of one''s precarious position is invalid in China. It shows that the range of invalid in China is wide, it is strict for the qualification of party, the contract signed by cheating, and taking advantage one''s precarious position is absolutely invalid, there isn''t a concrete standard about contract content if it is lawful. So over a long period of time? The appearance that the contract isn''t performed is serious in our economic life. We should see that many transactions are performed by the contract considered invalid in China in the developed market -oriented economy countries. What is the illegal contract, the range of illegal contract isn''t considered in old law of our country, it isn''t concrete and it isn''t operated easily in practice. The meaning and conditions of heavy misunderstand and unconscionable ability are not concrete in China these systems are misused easily in practice.
索书号 3000429
主题词 合同效力合同成立合同法
分类号 D922
论文答辩日期 2000051020000420
论文页码总数 37P
论文页码总数 ref10
文献语种 zh
记录来源 吉林大学
记录流水号 DA200102001992

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