学位论文题名 法律权威论
论文作者     刘杨
作者单位     吉林大学
专    业     法学理论
指导教师     郑成良
学位级别     303
中文文摘
    法律权威不仅是法治的重要内容,而且是法治的鲜明标志；是区分法治与人治的试金石,是真假法治的分水岭。法律若无权威,等于没有法律,甚至比没有法律更糟。确立法律权威的过程也就是实现法治的过程。抓住“法律权威”这个鲜明的亮点,能提纲挈领地涵盖“法治”这一宏大的时代主题,因而具有重要意义。 “法律权威论”一题用意有二:（1)在理论层面是对法律自身性质的一种理解和认定；法律是一种权威,而权威是一种基于正当性的权力,具有内圣外王的性质,这使它不同于道德也区别于权力；(2)在实践层面是对社会转型期法律权威的重要性的一种强调；权威是人类社会须臾不可离之物,法律权威是中国走向现代化的唯一可选择的权威类型。法律权威较之其他权威的优越性,不在于每一时每一事它都是最优的,而在于总的来说、平均而言,法律权威优于其他权威。这不仅是理性认识的结果,而且为无数惨痛的历史教训所证明。法律权威,是法律的内在说服力和外在强制力得到普遍的信仰、尊重、支持和服从。法律权威包括内在权威和外在权威。内在权威侧重于法律内容和来源,主要从自由、民主、人权等自然法观念中寻求理论支持；外在权威注重法律的效力和实效,主要是在市场经济、民主政治和法治的制度环境下,通过立法、行政、司法、守法等具体环节,使法律权威由条文变为现实。法律权威是一个具有广泛牵连性的问题。法的本质、基础、根源,法的价值与作用,法的创制与实施,法的效力与实效,法律制度与法律文化等等,都与之有关。法律权威的理念基础是孕育于自然法传统的自由、民主、人权等人类理想的价值观念,法律的至上性正是源于它承载了这些基本而重要的价值。人性论预设是在更为切近的层面上寻求对法治及法律权威的理论支持。“人性恶”作为法律权威的人性论预设,不仅是基于现实的一种考虑,而且与西方的宗教文化传统有着深厚的渊源关系。对人性的“幽黯意识”是西方保守自由主义传统的重要一脉,它构成了西方法治传统的深刻的理念基础。自然法所孕育的“天赋人权”、“社会契约”、“人民主权”、“法律至上”、“自由平等”、“分权制衡”等观念,是与法律权威同宗同源、互为支持的重要政治哲学观念。自然法的批判本性提示我们,法律不能仅仅因为是国家颁布的,就当然地具有权威性、合法性。本文认为,自然法的思想与观念是法律权威的最重要的理念基础和价值资源；有没有自然法观念与传统是中西法律文化的根本性、标志性分野；从自然法理念中汲取营养是确立法律权威的治本之举。法律权威的制度安排是市场经济、民主政治为基础和以宪政为核心的法治。法律权威的制度安排是以保障自由权利和制约、规范权力为中心的。市场经济体制是相对独立于公共权力的自治领域,它是孕育自由、民主、人权等一系列现代价值观念的沃土,也是产生法律权威的摇篮。市民社会是法律权威的最大需求者和收益者；同时,一个强大、稳定、成熟的市民社会是法律权威的最积极倡导者和维护者。民主制度是法律权威的政治保障,它以“多数决定”、“人民主权”的原则确认了法律及权力来源的合法性问题,为法律权威的实现奠定了基础。民主无论作为理念还是作为制度,都有先天的不足和缺陷。“多数决定”规则原本是一种方便的技术性决策机制,并不当然地具有道德价值上的正当性,忽视这种微妙区别,民主就可能导致“多数暴政”。法治是一种“规则治理的事业”,它是一个高度综合性的概念,自由、平等、民主、人权、正义、尊严、理性、文明、安全、秩序、公平与效率等等,都可以融会其中,因为它能以宪法和法律的形式,将所有这些美好的观念成文化、制度化。现代法治是以宪政为核心展开的。宪政是一种自由保障制度和权力制约制度,是对民主缺陷的制约和补救,自由主义的民主就是宪政民主。宪政的实质即限权,其宗旨是:即使是多数人同意的权力也必须遵循一定的规则行使；即使是少数人的权利也应当得到尊重和保护。多数人对少数人的专制和少数人对多数人的专制一样不符合宪政精神。在宪政制度中,宪法是最高的法律权威,以宪法为核心的一套统一完备的法律体系,是法治的前提。“分权制衡”是宪政制度的精髓。违宪审查、司法独立是保证法律权威的重要制度措施。法律权威的实现通过立法、行政、司法、守法等具体环节进行。立法主要从法律内容的层面确保法律权威；行政、司法、守法主要从法律效力层面实现法律权威。程序正义在现代法律制度中具有独立的价值,对于法律权威的实现有特别重要的意义。法律权威的最终实现有赖于人与制度的有机结合与良性互动,其媒介便是法律文化。无论是制度变迁还是观念更新,也无论是移植外来资源还是利用本土资源,它们都必须以“文化”的方式被消化吸收,都必须被融入或建构为现实的“意义之网”。法律不仅是有用的,而且应当是有意义的。惟其如此,法治及法律权威才能落地生根,具有真实的生命力。总之,本文旨在阐明一种对法律性质的“内外贯通”的理解,克服法律实证主义和法律工具论的片面性,不仅对丰富法治理论有一定意义,而且对法治实践具有一定促进作用。  
英文文摘 The theory of legal authority has two meanings: (1) theoretically it is an understanding and recognition of the nature of law itself. Law is an authority and the authority is power based on justification. (2) Practically it is an emphasis on the importance of legal authority in social transformation. Legal authority means that the internal convincingness and external force of law are widely believed, respected, supported and obeyed. Legal authority includes internal authority and external authority. Internal authority lays special emphasis on content and source of law, seeking theoretical support mainly from ideas of natural law such as freedom, democracy, human right and so on. The conceptual basis of legal authority is concept of value of human idealism conceived in the tradition of natural law, like freedom, democracy and human right. The supremacy of legal authority comes from the fact that it carries these basic and important values. Pre-established theory of human nature is to seek theoretical support to legality and legal authority on a closer layer. "Human Nature is Evil" as pre-established theory of human nature of legal authority is not only based on a consideration of reality but also deeply rooted in Western tradition of religious culture, The dark view of human nature is an important part of western liberal conservative tradition, forming the profound conceptual basis of western legal tradition. "In-born human right", "social contract", "people''s right", "supremacy of law", "freedom and equality", "power division and balancing system" and other concepts conceived in natural law are important ideas in political philosophy which have the same source as legal authority and support each other. The critical nature of natural law reminds us that we can not take it for granted that law is authoritative and rightful only because it is issued by the state. The arrangement of system in legal authority is legality based on market economy and democratic politics and centered on constitutionals. The arrangement of system in legal authority centers on protection of free right, and restriction and regulation of power. Market economy system is an autonomous field relatively independent of public power, the soil where a series of modern value concepts like freedom, democracy and human rights -- - -are produced, a cradle for legal authority. Citizen society is the biggest demander and profited; meanwhile, a powerful, steady and mature citizen society is the most active advocator and protector of legal authority. System of democracy is the political guarantee of legal authority. It confirms the legitimacy of law and source of power through principles of "majority decision" and "people''s right", thus laying a foundation for the fulfillment of legal authority. Democracy, whether as a concept or as a system, has natural shortcomings. The principle of "majority decision" is a kind of convenient, technical mechanism for policy-making; it is not without doubt legitimate in moral value. If this subtle distinction is ignored, democracy might lead to "majority tyranny". Legality is a "cause administered by regulations", it is a highly comprehensive concept, freedom, equality, democracy, human right, justice, dignity, rationality, civilization, security, order, fairness and efficiency, etc. Legal authority is realized through concrete links like legislation, administration, judicature and law-abiding. Legislation mainly confirms legal authority from legal content; administration, judicature and law-abiding mainly realize legal authority from effect of law. Justice in procedure has independent value in modern legal system, and is very significant to the realization of legal authority. The final realization of legal authority depends on the organic unity of man and system and benign mutual motion, legal culture being its medium. Whether the system changes or ideas change, whether we implant external source or make use of internal source, they must be digested and absorbed through the form of "culture", must be merged into or constructed to "net of meaning " of reality. Law is not only useful, but also should be meaningful, only like this can legality and legal authority being life-planted with genuine vitality.  
索书号 3990358
主题词 法律权威理念基础制度安排
分类号 D90
论文答辩日期 19990415
论文页码总数 59P
论文页码总数 ref32
文献语种 zh
记录来源 吉林大学图书馆
记录流水号 DA200102003162

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