学位论文题名 论我国诉讼时效制度的完善
论文作者     陈伟红
作者单位     吉林大学
专业         诉讼法
指导教师     郑成良
并列题名     On the perfection of negative prescription system in China
学位级别     303
中文文摘  
     诉讼时效制度是我国民法的一项基本制度，它有利于稳定社会经济秩序，督促权利人及时行使权利，保证人民法院及时、准确地解决各种民事纠纷。但是由于我国现行诉讼时效制度过于简单、笼统，立法精神前后不一致和过多地趋向于保护债务人的利益，给司法实践带来了许多问题。因此以审判实践为基础，借鉴国外及我国台湾省、澳门地区有关诉讼时效的规定，针对现行立法中存在的缺陷，完善我国诉讼时效制度有着十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。哪些权利适用诉讼时效制度，诉讼时效制度的效力，诉讼时效制度的期间是诉讼时效制度的重要组成部分，本文就是从这三个方面，针对现行立法的不足，提出具体的立法建议。首先，哪些民事权利适用诉讼时效制度。《中华人民共和国民法通则》第135条规定了“民事权利”。显然“民事权利”是一个十分宽泛的概念，简单、不加区分地将其作为诉讼时效的客体是不妥当的。适用诉讼时效制度的民事权利应该是一些可以转让，不与一定法律关系、权利共始终的请求权。物上请求权由于其与物权相伴随，因而不应适用诉讼时效制度。其次，诉讼时效制度的效力主要有四种立法例，由于实体权利消灭说、诉权消灭说和胜诉权丧失说都存在其不可克服的不足，而抗辩权发生说既合乎私法之理念，又符合民事诉讼由职权主义转变为当事人主义的发展方向，因而我国诉讼时效制度应采取抗辩权发生说。诉讼时效期间届满后双方当事人达成还款协议或义务方承诺履行义务既不损害公共利益和善良风俗，又不违反时效制度的强制性规定和设立时效制度的立法目的，与时效制度效力采抗辩权发生说相统一，同时又是当事人意思自治原则的体现，符合民事法律行为的生效构成要件，应产生法律约束力。再次，诉讼时效期间。《中华人民共和国民法通则》规定了普通时效期间，特殊时效期间和长期时效期间。普通时效期间2年太短，过分地保护了债务人的利益，对权利人有失公平，应改为5年。诉讼时效期间应从权利人知道或应当知道权利被侵害时起算。订有履行期限的债，应自履行期限届满之日的第二天计算；附条件、附期限的民事法律关系，诉讼时效期间从条件成就，期限届至之日的第二天起算；请求他人不作为的债，应自他人违反不作为义务之日的第二天起计算；因无因管理而产生的债权，应从管理或服务行为终了的第二天起算；因不当得利而产生的债权，应从损失利益人知道或应当知道得利人的第二天起算；因侵权行为发生的侵权损害赔偿关系，侵害公民身体的，伤害明显的，诉讼时效期间从受伤害之日起算；伤害当时未曾发现，后经检查确诊并能证明是由侵害行为引起的，从伤势确诊之日起算，而对于非人身伤害的侵权损害赔偿，则从受害人知道有侵害行为及加害人之时起算；未定清偿期或清偿期不明的债权，诉讼时效期间从债权成立的第二天起算；连续性侵权行为，其诉讼时效期间从权利人持续地“知道”或“应当知道”权利被侵害时起开始计算。如果受害人起诉时侵权行为仍在进行，则对诉讼时效期间外的利益，义务人享有拒绝履行抗辩权。诉讼时效因当事人一方向义务人，或向义务人的保证人、代理人或财产代管人提出履行义务要求，或向人民调解委员会申请调解，或向检察院、公安机关或有关行政机关申请主张自己的民事权利的事由而中断。从中断时起诉讼时效期间重新计算。有请求期限的从期限届满之日第二天开始重新计算诉讼时效期间。诉讼时效因义务人部分履行义务或同意履行义务，承认义务存在的事由而中断。从履行、同意、承认义务之日起诉讼时效期间重新计算。有履行期限的从期限届满之日起的第二天开始重新计算诉讼时效期间。诉讼时效因诉讼或与诉讼具有同等效力的依督促程序向法院申请签发支付令，提起反诉，申报破产债权等事由而中断。诉讼后被裁定不予受理或驳回起诉的，除因不属受诉法院管辖，应自向无管辖权法院提起诉讼时起发生诉讼时效期间中断外，不发生诉讼时效期间中断。起诉后又撤诉不发生诉讼时效期间中断。另诉的请求权或被告错误，需提供新证据的从判决、调解生效之日起诉讼时效期间重新计算。总之，本文针对《中华人民共和国民法通则》、《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》及其相关解释和批复对诉讼时效的规定进行了分析和反思，以期抛砖引玉，共同完善我国的诉讼时效制度。
英文文摘 The negative prescription serves as the basical mechanism in our civil law system, it helps to stabilize social-economic order, urges the prompt exercise of right by obligees, secures the people''s court afford prompt and accurate resolutions of various civil conflicts. But due to excessive simplicity and briefness of relevant provisions in this respect, and the discordance of legislative purposes at different time and undue tendency of preference to have debtors'' interest protected, a lot of problems arise in the judicial practice. Therefore, it carries weight both in theory and in practice to perfect China''s negative prescription regarding the deficiency of current legislation, based on the judicial practice and by drawing helpful lessons from those of Taiwan Province. Macao District and foreign countries. The three essential pants --which sort of civil rights it shall apply to, its validity and the period of prescription comprise the negative prescription system. This article directs at the current legislative deficiency, puts forward specific proposals on legislation from these three perspectives. Firstly, it deals with which sort of civil rights the negative prescription shall apply to. In the P.R.C. Civil General Rules, the ‘civil right’ is prescribed. Apparently it''s defined as a fairly general term, so it''s inappropriate to put them as object without deliberately setting them apart. The civil roughest to which the negative prescription may apply to shall be those appealing rights that are transferable and don''t endure along with certain legal relation or right. As an exception, appealing rights upon property are not regarded as falling to this category as they co-exist with the property rights. Secondly, There''re basically four legislative samples with respect to the validity of negative prescription system. Due to insurmountable deficiency existing within the other three samples: Theory of Extinction of Substantive Rights, Extinction of Litigation Rights and Theory of Loss of Prevailing Rights in the case, while of Theory of Occurrence of Defense meets with the core principles of private law as well as the trend of by-litigants, therefore it''s held by the author that the Theory of Occurrence of Defense shall be adopted to China''s negative prescription system. According to the theory referred, where after the expiry of prescription, the two parties achieve agreement of the debt payment or the obligor pledges to perform his duty while causing no harm to public interest or decent customs, and without infringement to mandatory provisions or the principal purposes of establishment of negative prescription system, and in accord with the Theory of Occurrence of Defence adopted as standard of assessing the validity of negative prescription, at the same time serving as embodiment of self-disciple principle thus the essential elements of taking effect are satisfied, it shall be regarded as binding. Thirdly, The article deals with the period of negative prescription. The P.R.C. Civil General Rules prescribes the common. Specific and prolonged period of negative prescription. The common period is two years, which tenders over much protection towards obligor and thus is unfair in obligee''s side, and should be modified to five years. The calculating shall start from when the obligee knew or ought to have known. If the time limit for performance is attached within instrument concerning the debt, the period shall start from the second day after the expiry of that time limit, Where it''s civil relation attached by condition or time limit, the prescription period shall start from the second day after the accomplishment of condition or expiry of time limit; Where the debt is the appealing for other party''s dis-behaviour, the calculating shall start from the second day of breach of duty of dis-behavior of other party. Where it is debt arising from voluntary management without causation of property or service the calculating shall start from the second day after accomplishment of management or service. Where it''s debt resulting from undue profiteering, the calculating shall start from the second day after the suffered knew or ought to have known the undue profit acquirer. Where it is damage claim because of tort, if the physical injury is obviously seen .the calculating shall start from the day of occurrence of physical injury; if the physical injury is obviously seen. The calculating shall start from the day of occurrence of physical injury; if the physical injury was not instantly detected, but was confirmed after medical treatment and proved resulting from the tortious activity, the calculating shall start from the day of confirmation of physical injury.
索书号 3010655
主题词 诉讼时效完善
分类号 DF51
论文答辩日期 20010410
论文页码总数 66P
论文页码总数 ref11
文献语种 zh
记录来源 吉林大学
记录流水号 DA200205000049

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